任何作品均有特定的文體,原文的文體不同,翻譯方法也隨之而異。試觀察下列幾個片斷的原文及其譯文
"It appears that youve got the offer of a very good job."
"A wonderful job."
"Are you going to take it?"
"I dont think so."
"Why not?
"I dont want to."
"聽說有個很好的工作要你去做。"
"挺好的工作"。
"打算做嗎?"
"不。"
"為什麼不做?"
"不想做"。
摘自《刀鋒》(The Razors Edge )
這是小說中的一段對說,屬於口語文體。其特點是:用詞自由,句法結構簡單,短句與省略句多,自然樸素,生活氣息濃厚。在譯文中進一步體現漢語口語的特點,省去主語"你"、"我";將英語的一個句子I dont think so.乾脆翻譯成一個字"不",顯得簡潔有力。 She was of a helpless, fleshy build, with a frank, open countenance and an innocent, diffident manner. Her eyes were large and patient, and in them dwelt such a shadow of distress as only those who have looked sympathetically into the countenances of the distraught and helpless poor know anything about.
那婦人生著一副綿軟多肉的體格,一張坦率開誠的面容,一種天真羞怯的神氣。一雙大落落的柔順眼睛,裡邊隱藏著無窮的心事,只有那些對於悽惶無告的窮苦人面目作過同情觀察的人才看得出來。
摘自(珍妮姑娘)(Jennie Gerhardt),傅東華譯.上面五十一個詞的片斷,就運用了十個形容詞,占五分之一。"and in then dwelt such a shadow of distress"是非常優美生動的文學語言,譯文保持了一風格。
MONTREAL-Clark Johns accomplished a spectacular debut for his NHL career tonight, the first score launching a four -point first period out burst, to lead the Johnson City High Hats to a 6:4 victory over the Montreal Teals and their eighth consecutive game without a loss.
[蒙特利爾電]在全國手球聯賽中克拉克約翰斯今晚初試鋒芒,引起轟動。上半場領先四分,首開記錄。克拉克發揮中堅作用,詹森市高帽隊終以6:4擊敗蒙特利爾市小鴨隊,創造了連勝八場未負一場的戰績。
這是屬於應用文的新聞文體,其特點是簡明扼要,短小精悍,結構緊湊,筆鋒犀利。上述這則電訊只有一個句子,卻把一場球賽描繪得淋漓盡致,富於吸引力。
The range of a voltmeter may be extended by means of a series resistor called a multiplier as shown in Fig.2.The full-scale reading of the meter alone may be 15volts.With the multiplier 250volts may be required to move the pointer to full-scale, 135 volts across the multiplier and 15volts across the meter.
從上述的一段科技文章,不難看出其文體與修辭手段與前面列舉的文藝小說,新聞報導等迥然不同。科技文體崇尚嚴謹周密,概念準確,邏輯性強,行文簡練,重點突出,句式嚴整,少有變化,常用前置性陳述,即在句中將主要資訊儘量前置,通過主語傳遞主要資訊。科技文章文體的特點是:清晰、準確、精練、嚴密。那末,科技文章的語言結構特色在翻譯過程中如何處理,這是進行英漢科技翻譯時需要探討的問題。現分述如下:
一、大量使用名詞化結構
《當代英語語法》(A Grammar of Contemporary)在論述科技英語時提出,大量使用名詞化結構(Nominalization)是科技英語的特點之一。因為科技文體要求行文簡潔、表達客觀、內容確切、信息量大、強調存在的事實。而非某一行為。
Archimedes first discovered the principle of displacement of water by solid bodies.
阿基米德最先發展固體排水的原理。
句中of displacement of water by solid bodies 系名詞化結構,一方面簡化了同位語從句,另一方強調displacement 這一事實。
The rotation of the earth on its own axis causes the change from day to night.
地球繞軸自轉,引起晝夜的變化。
名詞化結構the rotation of the earth on its own axis 使複合句簡化成簡單句,而且使表達的概念更加確切嚴密。
If you use firebricks round the walls of the boiler, the heat loss, can be considerably reduced.
爐壁採用耐火磚可大大降低熱耗。
科技英語所表述的是客觀規律,因之要儘量避免使用第一、二人稱;此外,要使主要的資訊置於句首。
Television is the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves.
電視通過無線電波發射和接受活動物體的圖像。
名詞化結構the transmission and reception of images of moving objects by radio waves 強調客觀事實,而"謂語動詞則著重其發射和接受的能力。
二、廣泛使用被動語句
根據英國里茲大學John Swales 的統計,科技英語中的謂語至少三分之一是被動態。這是因為科技文章側重敍事推理,強調客觀準確。第一、二人稱使用過多,會造成主觀臆斷的印象。因此儘量使用第三人稱敍述,採用被動語態,例如:Attention must be paid to the working temperature of the machine.應當注意機器的工作溫度。而很少說:You must pay attention to the working temperature of the machine .你們必須注意機器的工作溫度。此外,如前所述,科技文章將主要資訊前置,放在主語部份。這也是廣泛使用被動態的主要原因。試觀察並比較下列兩段短文的主語。
We can store electrical energy in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium. We call such a device a capacitor, or a condenser, and its ability to store electrical energy capacitance .It is measured in farads.
電能可儲存在由一絕緣介質隔開的兩塊金屬極板內。這樣的裝置稱之為電容器,其儲存電能的能力稱為電容。電容的測量單位是法拉。
這一段短文中各句的主語分別為:
Electrical energy
Such a device
Its ability to store electrical energy
It (Capacitance )
它們都包含了較多的資訊,並且處於句首的位置,非常醒目。四個主語完全不同,避免了單調重複,前後連貫,自然流暢。足見被動結構可收簡潔客觀之效。
三、非限定動詞。
如前所述,科技文章要求行文簡練,結構緊湊,為此,往往使用分詞短語代替定語從句或狀語從句;使用分詞獨立結構代替狀語從句或並列分句;使用不定式短語代替各種從句;介詞十動名詞短語代替定語從句或狀語從句。這樣可縮短句子,又比較醒目。試比較下列各組句子。
A direct current is a current flowing always in the same direction.
直流電是一種總是沿同一方向流動的電流。
Radiating from the earth, heat causes air currents to rise.
熱量由地球輻射出來時,使得氣流上升。
A body can more uniformly and in a straight line,there being no cause to change that motion.
如果沒有改變物體運動的原因,那麼物體將作勻速直線運動。
Vibrating objects produce sound waves ,each vibration producing one sound wave.
振動著的物體產生聲波,每一次振動產生一個聲波。
In communications, the problem of electronics is how to convey information from one place to another.
在通訊系統中,電子學要解決的問題是如何把資訊從一個地方傳遞到另一個地方。
Materials to be used for structural purposes are chosen so as to behave elastically in the environmental conditions.
結構材料的選擇應使其在外界條件中保持其彈性。
There are different ways of changing energy from one form into another.
將能量從一種形式轉變成另一種形式有各種不同的方法。
In making the radio waves correspond to each sound in turn, messages are carried from a broadcasting station to a receiving set.
使無線電波依次對每一個聲音作出相應變化時,資訊就由廣播電臺傳遞到接收機。
四、後置定語
大量使用後置定語也是科技文章的特點之一。常見的結構不以下五種:
1、介詞短語
The forces due to friction are called frictional forces.
由於摩擦而產生的力稱之為摩擦力。
A call for paper is now being issued .
徵集論文的通知現正陸續發出。
2、形容詞及形容詞短語。
In this factory the only fuel available is coal.
該廠唯一可用的燃料是煤。
In radiation, thermal energy is transformed into radiant energy ,similar in nature to light.
熱能在輻射時,轉換成性質與光相似的輻射能。
3、副詞
The air outside pressed the side in .
外面的空氣將桶壁壓得凹進去了。
The force upward equals the force downward so that the balloon stays at the level.
向上的力與向下的力相等,所以氣球就保持在這一高度。
4、單個分詞,但仍保持校強的動詞意義。
The results obtained must be cheeked .
獲得的結果必須加以校核
The heat produced is equal to the electrical energy wasted.
產生的熱量等於浪費了的電能。
5、定語從句
During construction, problems often arise which require design changes.
在施工過程中,常會出現需要改變設計的問題。
The molecules exert forces upon each other, which depend upon the distance between them.
分子相互間都存在著力的作用,該力的大小取決於它們之間的距離。
Very wonderful changes in matter take place before our eyes every day to which we pay little attention.
(定語從句to which we pay little attention 修飾的是changes,這是一種分隔定語從句。)
我們幾乎沒有注意的很奇異的物質變化每天都在眼前發生。
To make an atomic bomb we have to use uranium 235, in which all the atoms are available for fission.
製造原子彈,我們必須用鈾235,因為軸的所有原子都會裂變。
五、常用句型
科技文章中經常使用若干特定的句型,從而形成科技文體區別於其他文體的標誌。例如It---that---結構句型;被動態結構句型;結構句型,分詞短語結構句型,省略句結構句型等。舉例如下:
It is evident that a well lubricated bearing turns more easily than a dry one.
顯然,潤滑好的軸承,比不潤滑的軸承容易轉動。
It seems that these two branches of science are mutually dependent and interacting.
看來這兩個科學分支是相互依存,相互作用的。
It has been proved that induced voltage causes a current to flow in opposition to the force producing it.
已經證明,感應電壓使電流的方向與產生電流的磁場力方向相反。
It was not until the 19th century that heat was considered as a form of energy.
直到十九世紀人們才認識到熱是能量的一種形式。
Computers may be classified as analog and digital.
電腦可分為類比電腦和數位電腦兩種。
The switching time of the new-type transistor is shortened three times.
新型電晶體的開關時間縮短了三分之二。(或---縮短為三分之一。)
This steel alloy is believed to be the best available here .
人們認為這種合金鋼是這�能提供的最好的合金鋼。
Electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed as light.
電磁波傳送的速度和光速相同。
Microcomputers are very small in size ,as is shown in Fig.5.
如圖5所示,微型電腦體積很小。
In water sound travels nearly five times as fast as in air.
聲音在水中的傳播速度幾乎是在空氣中傳播速度的五倍。
Compared with hydrogen, oxygen is nearly 16 times as heavy.
氧與氫比較,重量大約是它的十六倍。
The resistance being very high, the current in the circuit was low.
由於電阻很大,電路中通過的電流就小。
Ice keeps the same temperature while melting.
冰在溶化時,其溫度保持不變。
An object, once in motion, will keep on moving because of its inertia.
物體一旦運動,就會因慣性而持續運動。
All substances, whether gaseous, liquid or solid ,are made of atoms .
一切物質,不論是氣態、液態,還是固態,都由原子組成。
六、長句
為了表述一個複雜概念,使之邏輯嚴密,結構緊湊,科技文章中往往出現許多長句。有的長句多達七八個詞,以下即是一例。
The efforts that have been made to explain optical phenomena by means of the hypothesis of a medium having the same physical character as an elastic solid body led, in the first instance, to the understanding of a concrete example of a medium which can transmit transverse vibrations, and at a later stage to the definite conclusion that there is no luminiferous medium having the physical character assumed in the hypothesis.
為了解釋光學現象,人們曾試圖假定有一種具有與彈性固體相同的物理性質的介質。這種子嘗試的結果,最初曾使人們瞭解到一種能傳輸橫向振動的具有上述假定所以認為的那種物理性質的發光介質。
七、複合詞與縮略詞
大量使用複合詞與縮略詞是科技文章的特點之一,複合詞從過去的雙片語合發展到多片語合;縮略詞趨向於任意構詞,例如某一篇論文的作者可以就僅在該文中使用的術語組成縮略詞,這給翻譯工作帶來一定的困難。例如:
full-enclosed 全封閉的(雙詞合成形容詞)
feed-back回饋(雙詞合成名詞)
work-harden 加工硬化(雙詞合成詞)
criss-cross交叉著(雙詞合成副詞)
on-and-off-the-road路面越野兩用的(多詞合成形容詞)
anti-armoured-fighting-vehicle-missile反裝甲車導彈(多詞合成名詞)
radiophotography無線電傳真(無連字元複合詞)
colorimeter色度計(無連字元複合詞)
maths (mathematics)數學(裁減式縮略詞)
lab (laboratory)實驗室
ft (foot/feet)英尺
cpd (compound)化合物
FM(frequency modulation)調頻(用首字母組成的縮略詞)
P.S.I. (pounds per square inch)磅/英寸
SCR(silicon controlled rectifier )可控矽整流器
TELESAT(telecommunications satellite )通信衛星(混成法構成的縮略詞)
根據上述的科技文章的物占,在翻譯過程中就要注意各種不同的翻譯技巧與方法。例如被動態的譯法、長句的處理方法、倍數的譯法等等。
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